05Appendices
Appendix 1: Economic complexity indicators
Table 4: ECI at urban level (PUA) 1981 and 2019. Large cities highlighted
| PUA | ECI (2019) | Rank (2019) | ECI (1981) | Rank (1981) | Rank change: 1981-2019 |
| London | 3.7 | 1 | 1.7 | 2 | 1 |
| Edinburgh | 2.7 | 2 | 1.6 | 3 | 1 |
| Oxford | 2.4 | 3 | 1.5 | 4 | 1 |
| Cambridge | 2.3 | 4 | 1.8 | 1 | -3 |
| Reading | 2.3 | 5 | 1.3 | 8 | 3 |
| Brighton | 2.1 | 6 | 1.1 | 9 | 3 |
| Glasgow | 1.8 | 7 | -0.3 | 38 | 31 |
| Crawley | 1.4 | 8 | 1.3 | 7 | -1 |
| Bristol | 1.3 | 9 | 0.7 | 17 | 8 |
| Cardiff | 1.2 | 10 | 0.4 | 27 | 17 |
| York | 1.1 | 11 | 0.7 | 16 | 5 |
| Aldershot | 1.1 | 12 | 1.5 | 5 | -7 |
| Leeds | 1.1 | 13 | -0.5 | 40 | 27 |
| Slough | 1.0 | 14 | 1.0 | 11 | -3 |
| Swindon | 0.8 | 15 | 0.6 | 20 | 5 |
| Exeter | 0.6 | 16 | 0.8 | 14 | -2 |
| Liverpool | 0.5 | 17 | -0.3 | 36 | 19 |
| Manchester | 0.5 | 18 | -1.1 | 52 | 34 |
| Peterborough | 0.5 | 19 | 0.6 | 22 | 3 |
| Worthing | 0.4 | 20 | 1.4 | 6 | -14 |
| Ipswich | 0.4 | 21 | 0.7 | 19 | -2 |
| Bournemouth | 0.4 | 22 | 0.6 | 23 | 1 |
| Dundee | 0.4 | 23 | -0.7 | 47 | 24 |
| Portsmouth | 0.3 | 24 | 0.2 | 30 | 6 |
| Southampton | 0.2 | 25 | 0.9 | 12 | -13 |
| Warrington | 0.2 | 26 | -0.6 | 43 | 17 |
| Milton Keynes | 0.2 | 27 | 0.4 | 26 | -1 |
| Norwich | 0.2 | 28 | 1.0 | 10 | -18 |
| Nottingham | 0.0 | 29 | -1.0 | 50 | 21 |
| Southend | 0.0 | 30 | 0.9 | 13 | -17 |
| Luton | 0.0 | 31 | 0.5 | 24 | -7 |
| Aberdeen | -0.2 | 32 | 0.7 | 18 | -14 |
| Basildon | -0.5 | 33 | 0.4 | 28 | -5 |
| Northampton | -0.5 | 34 | 0.2 | 29 | -5 |
| Plymouth | -0.5 | 35 | 0.6 | 21 | -14 |
| Gloucester | -0.5 | 36 | 0.7 | 15 | -21 |
| Newcastle | -0.5 | 37 | -0.7 | 46 | 9 |
| Birkenhead | -0.5 | 38 | -0.3 | 37 | -1 |
| Blackburn | -0.8 | 39 | -0.9 | 49 | 10 |
| Preston | -0.8 | 40 | -0.6 | 41 | 1 |
| Leicester | -0.9 | 41 | 0.0 | 33 | -8 |
| Coventry | -0.9 | 42 | -1.1 | 53 | 11 |
| Sheffield | -0.9 | 43 | -0.7 | 45 | 2 |
| Birmingham | -1.0 | 44 | -0.4 | 39 | -5 |
| Blackpool | -1.0 | 45 | 0.5 | 25 | -20 |
| Hull | -1.1 | 46 | -0.2 | 35 | -11 |
| Newport | -1.1 | 47 | -0.2 | 34 | -13 |
| Mansfield | -1.2 | 48 | -1.9 | 60 | 12 |
| Bradford | -1.2 | 49 | -1.0 | 51 | 2 |
| Sunderland | -1.2 | 50 | -0.7 | 44 | -6 |
| Wigan | -1.2 | 51 | -1.7 | 57 | 6 |
| Burnley | -1.3 | 52 | -1.7 | 58 | 6 |
| Doncaster | -1.3 | 53 | -1.4 | 55 | 2 |
| Derby | -1.3 | 54 | -0.8 | 48 | -6 |
| Telford | -1.4 | 55 | 0.0 | 32 | -23 |
| Swansea | -1.4 | 56 | 0.2 | 31 | -25 |
| Middlesbrough | -1.5 | 57 | -0.6 | 42 | -15 |
| Wakefield | -1.5 | 58 | -2.2 | 61 | 3 |
| Huddersfield | -1.6 | 59 | -1.6 | 56 | -3 |
| Stoke | -1.7 | 60 | -1.3 | 54 | -6 |
| Barnsley | -1.7 | 61 | -1.8 | 59 | -2 |
Figure 11: As referenced in Section 2, economic complexity in urban areas increased in the last four decades
Appendix 2: Economic complexity indicators in comparison with German and French counterparts
Figure 12: Urban ECI from British, French and German cities is highly correlated with their productivity levels.
Figure 13: As referenced in Section 2, the European analysis is consistent with the British urban scores
