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A century of cities
By
Paul Swinney
,
Elli Thomas
| 4 March 2015
A century of cities
By
Paul Swinney
,
Elli Thomas
| 4 March 2015
Select Chapter
Executive Summary
Introduction
Case study Box 1: Methodology
1. A century of city performance
Case study Job creation in cities over the last 100 years
Case study Figure 1: Growth in jobs, 1911-2013
Case study Figure 2: Growth in jobs, 1911-2013
Case study The changing role of cities
Case study Figure 3: The changing role of cities
Case study Box 2: The drivers of change in cities over the 20th century
Case study Figure 4: A century of change
Case study Reinvention and replication
Case study Figure 5: Jobs growth, reinvention and replication
Case study Figure 6: Replication, reinvention and modern economic performance
Case study Figure 7: The geography of knowledge, 2013
2. What determines the geography of knowledge?
Case study Why businesses locate where they do
Case study Figure 8: The correlation between skills and private sector KIBS jobs
Case study Box 3: Patterns of foreign direct investment
Case study Figure 9: Reinvention, replication and foreign investment
Case study History matters – The ability to create and transfer knowledge is a long running trend
Case study Figure 10: Knowledge services jobs in 1911 and private sector KIBS jobs in 2013
Case study Box 4: The past as a predictor of the present
Case study Figure 11: Regression of share of KIBS jobs, 2013 against 1911 industrial structure
Case study Box 5: From punched cards to super computers – the progression of IBM
Case study High-knowledge and low-knowledge pathways
Case study Figure 12: High- and low-knowledge pathways
3. Are cities bound by these pathways?
Case study City growth is not deterministic or linear
Case study Figure 13: Manchester’s changing industrial structure
Case study Case study 2: A century of change in Birmingham
Case study Figure 14: Birmingham’s changing industrial structure
Case study Public policy has played a role
Case study Case study 3: The blank slates – Milton Keynes and Telford
Case study Policies explicitly designed to close the ‘North-South divide’ have not fostered reinvention
Case study Figure 15: 80 years of policy attempting to rebalance the economy
Case study Box 6: City Deals Wave 2
Case study Figure 16: Share of manufacturing jobs that are high-knowledge, 2011
Case study Case study 4: A century of change in Sunderland
Case study Case study 5: A century of change in Blackpool
Case study Case study 6: A century of change in Brighton
4. Implications for the direction of policy
Case study Figure 17: Knowledge pathways and the role of policy
Appendix
Case study Definitions of 1911 Census data
Acknowledgements
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1: A century of change in Manchester
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