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Net zero
A century of cities
By
Paul Swinney
,
Elli Thomas
| 4 March 2015
A century of cities
By
Paul Swinney
,
Elli Thomas
| 4 March 2015
Select Chapter
Executive Summary
Introduction
Figure Box 1: Methodology
1. A century of city performance
Figure Job creation in cities over the last 100 years
Figure Figure 1: Growth in jobs, 1911-2013
Figure Figure 2: Growth in jobs, 1911-2013
Figure The changing role of cities
Figure Figure 3: The changing role of cities
Figure Box 2: The drivers of change in cities over the 20th century
Figure Figure 4: A century of change
Figure Reinvention and replication
Figure Figure 5: Jobs growth, reinvention and replication
Figure Figure 6: Replication, reinvention and modern economic performance
2. What determines the geography of knowledge?
Figure Why businesses locate where they do
Figure Figure 8: The correlation between skills and private sector KIBS jobs
Figure Box 3: Patterns of foreign direct investment
Figure Figure 9: Reinvention, replication and foreign investment
Figure History matters – The ability to create and transfer knowledge is a long running trend
Figure Figure 10: Knowledge services jobs in 1911 and private sector KIBS jobs in 2013
Figure Box 4: The past as a predictor of the present
Figure Figure 11: Regression of share of KIBS jobs, 2013 against 1911 industrial structure
Figure Box 5: From punched cards to super computers – the progression of IBM
Figure High-knowledge and low-knowledge pathways
Figure Figure 12: High- and low-knowledge pathways
3. Are cities bound by these pathways?
Figure City growth is not deterministic or linear
Figure Case study 1: A century of change in Manchester
Figure Figure 13: Manchester’s changing industrial structure
Figure Case study 2: A century of change in Birmingham
Figure Figure 14: Birmingham’s changing industrial structure
Figure Public policy has played a role
Figure Case study 3: The blank slates – Milton Keynes and Telford
Figure Policies explicitly designed to close the ‘North-South divide’ have not fostered reinvention
Figure Figure 15: 80 years of policy attempting to rebalance the economy
Figure Box 6: City Deals Wave 2
Figure Figure 16: Share of manufacturing jobs that are high-knowledge, 2011
Figure Case study 4: A century of change in Sunderland
Figure Case study 5: A century of change in Blackpool
Figure Case study 6: A century of change in Brighton
4. Implications for the direction of policy
Figure Figure 17: Knowledge pathways and the role of policy
Appendix
Figure Definitions of 1911 Census data
Acknowledgements
07
7: The geography of knowledge, 2013
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