Poor urban transport costs the UK more than £21 billion per year, with less than half of people in big cities outside London able to reach their city centre quickly using public transport networks
The £5.7 billion promised in the Budget is not alone enough to level up urban transport says Centre for Cities in new research finding that just four in 10 people in the UK’s largest cities* outside London can reach their city centre by public transport in under 30 minutes.
This is significantly worse than in big European cities where almost seven in 10 people can travel to their city centre in less than 30 minutes. It severely limits people’s job opportunities and effectively makes our largest cities much smaller than their European competitors.
While Rishi Sunak promised an ‘infrastructure revolution’ in last week’s Budget, poor infrastructure is rarely the only cause of urban transport problems. The main reason is that more people in European cities such as Bordeaux or Berlin live in well-connected midrise suburbs close to the centre than in detached, car-dependent UK suburbs.
More people living around public transport stops in European cities means their systems are more viable than the UK, where bureaucratic planning rules make it almost impossible build homes in well-connected suburbs.
Case study: Comparing public transport in Leeds and Marseille
Leeds and Marseille have a similar population but Marseille is far denser than Leeds. Because of this, 87% of people living in Marseille can reach the centre in 30 minutes by public transport, compared to 38% in Leeds.
Because people are more spread out in Leeds than in Marseille, if Leeds’ public transport network was improved to cover the same area as Marseille’s, this would increase the share of people who can reach the centre to 61%, narrowing but not closing the gap with Marseille. So, while infrastructure investment is needed, Leeds cannot close the gap without changes to the city’s built form too.
The economic cost of this is huge: £23.1 billion per year that could be spent on levelling up. These missed billions are almost equivalent to the UK Government’s entire transport budget and more than it spends on the Home Office, international development, culture, or foreign affairs.**
Any attempt by the Government to fix this problem by investing in transport infrastructure will fail if it doesn’t also make substantial planning reforms to build midrise new neighbourhoods closer to city centres.
To improve public transport in big cities and add almost £23 billion to the national economy the Government should build on its investments in the Budget by:
Centre for Cities’ Chief Executive Andrew Carter said:
“Last week the Chancellor promised an ‘infrastructure revolution’ and the money being given to city-regions is much-needed. However, it will not be enough to level up transport while suburbs remain so sparse and car-dependent. Just half of neighbourhoods built more than one home in the last decade.
“To maximise benefits of infrastructure spending, and make new routes and regular services more viable, the Government needs to commit to significant reforms to the planning system to allow our cities’ suburbs to grow.
“We know that planning reform is controversial, but without it the Government’s investment on urban transport won’t level up. On the other hand, coupling the investment with planning reform will add more than £23 billion to the economy.”
Notes to editors
*The cities included in this study are Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Newcastle, Nottingham, Liverpool, Birmingham and Glasgow.
**Source: Institute for Government analysis of HM Treasury, Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2019.
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